INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

Pumping and X-ray probing technique

V. V. Lider

A.V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of the Kurchatov Complex Crystallography and Photonics of the NRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow

Abstract: The principles and capabilities of the time-resolved pumping and X-ray probing method are outlined. Pumping methods and probing features involving different pulsed X-ray sources (laboratory, synchrotron, free-electron lasers) are considered. Methods for improving time resolution are discussed. Also given are examples of applying the method to study a wide range of objects using X-ray microscopy, X-ray Laue diffraction, small- and large-angle scattering, absorption, and photoelectron spectroscopy.

Keywords: pulsed X-ray sources, time resolution, synchrotrons, free-electron lasers, diffraction, X-ray scattering, absorption spectroscopy

PACS: 06.30.Ft, 07.85.Qe, 42.55.-f, 61.05.C-, 61.05.cj

Received: April 4, 2024
Revised: June 5, 2025
Accepted: June 5, 2025

DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2025.06.039943

 English version: Physics–Uspekhi, 2025, 68:9, 905–922

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