This article is cited in 5 papers

REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS

Direct observations of cosmic rays: state of the art

A. D. Panov, D. M. Podorozhnyi, A. N. Turundaevskii

Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Abstract: The state of the art in exploring galactic cosmic rays using spacecraft and high-altitude balloons is reviewed in detail. The most urgent basic problems of high- and ultrahigh-energy astrophysics, solved by direct observations of cosmic rays, are discussed. Prospects for the advancement of research in this field of science in the next decade are outlined.

Keywords: cosmic rays, direct observations.

PACS: 96.50.S-

MSC: 85-02

Received: July 24, 2023
Revised: October 29, 2023
Accepted: November 8, 2023

DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2023.11.039589

 English version: Physics–Uspekhi, 2024, 67:7, 639–667

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