Laser physics and laser optics

Amplitude noise of 89X nm-range single-mode intracavity-contacted vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

S. A. Blokhin^a, M. A. Bobrov^a, Ya. N. Kovach^a, A. A. Blokhin^a, M. N. Marchiy^a, N. A. Kuzmenkova^a, A. S. Pazgalev^a, A. G. Kuz'menkov^a, A. P. Vasil'ev^b, N. A. Maleev<sup>a

a</sup> Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg
^b Submicron Heterostructures for Microelectronics Research and Engineering Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg

Abstract: In this work, we study the spectral density of the relative intensity noise (amplitude noise) of the 89X nm range single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with hybrid microcavity and carrier injection through the intracavity contacts and composite Bragg reflector. Carried analysis of the laser amplitude noise behavior demonstrated 1/$f$-noise dependance for low frequencies with the transition to white noise at 10 kHz and higher. The amplitude noise dependance from the laser optical power showed W-like shape behavior. An increase in temperature led to an increase in amplitude noise both at a fixed operating current and at a comparable laser optical power. It was shown that developed lasers have amplitude noise lower than -120 dB/Hz in the frequency range 1–100 kHz (depending on temperature and optical power) which allows to use them in compact atomic sensors of various types.

Keywords: vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, relative intensity noise, amplitude noise, quantum sensors.

Received: 09.06.2025
Revised: 09.06.2025
Accepted: 14.08.2025

DOI: 10.61011/OS.2025.08.61511.8251-25

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