Abstract:
The aim of the present paper is to explicitly construct canonical representatives in every strict isomorphism class of commutative formal groups over an arbitrary torsion-free ring. The case of an $\mathbb Z_{(p)}$-algebra is treated separately. We prove that, under natural conditions on a subring, the canonical representatives of formal groups over the subring agree with the representatives for the ring. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a mapping induced on strict isomorphism classes of formal groups by a homomorphism of torsion-free rings to be injective and surjective are established.