Part 1. General problems of the intellectual systems theory

The use of language models in automated markup of texts on life dificulties

A. A. Khlebnikova^a, E. V. Bityutskaya^a, G. V. Kalachev^b, È. È. Gasanov<sup>b

a</sup> Department of Psychology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
^b Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics

Abstract: The paper addresses the laborious nature of manual coding of qualitative data in psychological studies that use content analysis. The effectiveness of automated text markup methods utilizing modern language models such as DeepSeek, GPT-4.1, and GPT-4.1-mini is assessed, and approaches to improve markup accuracy are developed. The work is based on descriptions of dificult life situations experienced by participants in a psychological study. The study confirms the practical feasibility of using language models as a tool that significantly reduces the time spent by researchers on the initial analysis of text data.

Keywords: content analysis, large language model, GPT-4.1, DeepSeek, dificult life situation, coping, situation perception