Abstract:
The ideas correlation about nanostructures and the appearance with their participation is established from consideration of principles of following trends: nanochemistry, synergetic, mesoscopic physics and fractal theory. It is proposed to consider the obtaining of metal/carbon nanocomposites in nanoreactors of polymeric matrixes as self-organization process similar to the formation of ordered phases. The difference of potentials between the interacting particles and object walls stimulating these interactions is the driving force of self-organization processes (formation of nanoparticles with definite shapes). The potential jump at the boundary «nanoreactor wall - reacting particles» is defined by the wall surface charge and reacting layer size. If we consider the redox process as the main process preceding the nanostructure formation, the work for charge transport corresponds to the energy of nanoparticle formation process in the reacting layer. The sequence of the processes is conditioned by the composition and parameters (energy and geometry) of nanoreactors. To accomplish such processes it is advisable to preliminarily select the polymeric matrix containing the nanoreactors in the form of nanopores or crazes as process appropriate. Such selection can be realized with the help of computer chemistry. Further the computational experiment is carried out with the reagents placed in the nanoreactor with the corresponding geometry and energy parameters. Self-organization processes in media and compositions can be compared with the processes of crystalline phase origin and growth. At the same time, the growth can be one-, two- and three-dimensional. The degree of nanostructure influence on active media and compositions is defined by the number of nanostructures, their activity in this composition and interaction duration. The temperature growth during the formation of new-phases in self-organizing medium prevents the process development. The peculiarities basis of nanostructures and appearance, which is stimulated by minute quantities of nanostructures and nanosystems, is given. The explanation of low temperature processes, including the nanostructures synthesis in nanoreactors, is adduced. The fundamental principles and ideology of nanomaterials science are formulated. The ideology of nanomaterials science includes the using of nanosystems inner possibilities with electron structures changes and also nanostructured materials structure changes as well as the attendant changes of its properties. The following fundamental principles of nanomaterials science are adduced:
– Self organization of polymeric matrices and formation of self similar systems take place owing to the direct polarization of matrix polar groups, stimulated by minute (super small) quantities of nanocomposites with electron quantization generation.
– The nanocomposite direct action is created, when there are conditions of electron quantization and it's determined by mesoscopic particle size and its minute quantities within medium (less than 0.01 %).
– The changes of polymeric matrices electron structures are accompanied by its morphology change that leads to the change of matrices propertiwes.
Thus, the results of nanocomposites applications for the materials modification are determined by mesoscopic physics knowledge using.
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